Blog's of NmChisty

Experiment No: Experiment Name: Construction and Testing of a Step-Down DC Chopper Circuit   Aim / Objective: ·        To construct and test a step-down (buck) DC chopper circuit. ·        To study the variation of output voltage with duty cycle. ·        To verify the operation of the buck converter in stepping down voltage.   Theory: A step-down DC chopper, also called a buck converter , converts a higher DC input voltage to a lower DC output voltage by rapidly switching a semiconductor device ON and OFF. The output voltage is controlled by the duty cycle D D D of the switching signal. ·        When the switch is ON , the input voltage is applied across the load and inductor, storing energy in the inductor. ·        When the switch is OFF , the inductor releases energy to the load through the freewheeling dio...

Experiment No: Experiment Name: Construction and Testing of a Step-Up DC Chopper Circuit Aim: To design, construct, and test a step-up (boost) DC-DC converter and verify the effect of varying the duty cycle on the output voltage. Theory: A step-up chopper , also known as a boost converter , is a type of DC-DC converter used to increase (boost) a lower DC input voltage to a higher output voltage. It works on the principle of energy storage in an inductor and controlled switching using a semiconductor device like a MOSFET. Switch ON : Current flows through the inductor and stores energy in its magnetic field. Switch OFF : The inductor opposes the sudden drop in current by reversing polarity, forcing current through the diode to the load, thereby boosting the voltage. The output voltage is always greater than the input voltage. The amount of voltage boost depends on the duty cycle (D) of the PWM signal.         Vo...

working process: The given Arduino program is a medicine reminder system that helps users take their medication on time. When the system starts, it initializes the RTC module, LCD display, GSM module, and buttons. It then checks if the RTC has lost power and sets the current time accordingly. The user can set up to three alarm times by pressing the SET button and using the INC and NEXT buttons to adjust the hours and minutes for each alarm. Once alarms are set, the system continuously displays the current time and date on the LCD. It also checks every second if the current time matches any of the set alarm times. When a match is found, the system alerts the user by displaying a reminder message, turning on a specific LED (red, yellow, or green), and activating a buzzer. The user has five seconds to press the CANCEL button to acknowledge the alert. If the alert is not canceled within that time, the system sends an SMS notification to a predefined phone number using the GSM module, infor...

 .model small .stack 100h .data  ms db 'Enter A Character: $' .code main proc     mov ax, @data     mov ds, ax          mov ah, 9     lea dx, ms     int 21h                mov ah, 2     mov dl, 10     int 21h     mov dl, 13     int 21h          mov ah, 1     int 21h     mov bl, al          mov ah, 2     mov dl, 10     int 21h     mov dl, 13     int 21h          mov ah, 2     mov dl,bl     int 21h          exit:     mov ah, 4ch     int 21h     main endp end main

 .model small .stack 100h .data a db 'Enter First Number: $' b db 'Enter Second Number: $' c db 'Sum: $' .code main proc      mov ax, @data     mov ds, ax          mov ah, 9     lea dx, a     int 21h          mov ah, 1     int 21h     mov bl, al           mov ah, 2     mov dl, 10     int 21h     mov dl, 13     int 21h          mov ah, 9     lea dx, b     int 21h          mov ah, 1     int 21h     mov bh, al            mov ah, 2     mov dl, 10     int 21h     mov dl, 13     int 21h          add bl, bh     sub bl, 48     int 21h          mov ah, 9     lea dx, c ...

 .MODEL SMALL  .STACK 100H    .DATA     PROMPT  DB  'The Alphabets are : $'    .CODE    MAIN PROC      MOV AX, @DATA                ; initialize DS      MOV DS, AX        LEA DX, PROMPT               ; load and print PROMPT      MOV AH, 9      INT 21H        MOV CX, 26                  ; initialize CX        MOV AH, 2                    ; set output function      MOV DL, 41H                    ; initialize DL with 0        @LOOP:                       ; loop label        INT 2...

  .MODEL SMALL  .STACK 100H    .DATA     STR_1  DB  'Enter the First number : $'     STR_2  DB  'Enter the Second  number : $'     STR_3  DB  'The smallest  number is : $'    .CODE    MAIN PROC      MOV AX, @DATA                ; initialize DS      MOV DS, AX        LEA DX,  STR_1             ; load and print  STR_1      MOV AH, 9      INT 21H        MOV AH, 1                    ; read a character      INT 21H        MOV BL, AL                   ; save the input character into BL        MOV AH, 2              ...

 .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H   .DATA MSG1 DB 'ENTER THE LOWER CASE LETTER:$' MSG2 DB 'ENTER THE UPPER CASE LETTER:$' .CODE MAIN PROC     MOV AX,@DATA     MOV DS,AX          LEA DX,MSG1     MOV AH,9     INT 21H          MOV AH,1     INT 21H          MOV BL,AL          MOV AH,2     MOV DL,0DH     INT 21H          MOV DL,0AH     INT 21H          LEA DX,MSG2     MOV AH,9     INT 21H          SUB BL,20H          MOV AH,2     MOV DL,BL     INT 21H          MOV AH,4CH     INT 21H     MAIN ENDP END MAIN          

 .MODEL SMALL  .STACK 100H    .DATA        MSG1 DB 'NUMBER IS EVEN ','$'       MSG2 DB 'NUMBER IS ODD ','$'       N1  DB 0DH,0AH,'$'              .CODE        .STARTUP               NEWLINE MACRO          LEA DX,N1           MOV AH,9          INT 21H                      ENDM                MOV AX,@DATA        MOV DS,AX              MOV AH,1       INT 21H             MOV BL,2      DIV BL            MOV AL,AH            CMP AL,0           ...

 .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .DATA   MSG DB 0DH, 0AH, 'ISTT $' .CODE MAIN PROC     MOV CX,10     MOV AX,@DATA     MOV DS,AX     LEA DX,MSG     MOV AH,9     INT 21H  WHILE:         DEC CX         JE END_WHILE         MOV AH,9         INT 21H         JMP WHILE     END_WHILE:     MOV AH,4CH     MAIN ENDP END MAIN

 .MODEL SMALL  .STACK 100H   .DATA     PROMPT  DB  'The 256 ASCII Characters are : $'   .CODE    MAIN PROC      MOV AX, @DATA                ; initialize DS      MOV DS, AX       LEA DX, PROMPT               ; load and print PROMPT      MOV AH, 9      INT 21H            MOV CX, 256                  ; initialize CX      MOV AH, 2                    ; set output function      MOV DL, 0                    ; initialize DL with 0              @LOOP:                       ; loop label   ...